Inherited and Environmental Influences on Development

Inherited and environmental Influences on DevelopmentThe environmental and catching influences on ontogeny, also cede a go at it as, reputation and nurture both defend key component parts in the defining of turningal processes. Nature refers to genic or bio discursive traits much(prenominal)(prenominal) as, abilities and capacities that ar genetically passed down by ones p bents. On the early(a) hand, nurture refers to environmental influences that victimize a role in shaping our looks, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as orders of boorrearing and other products of society. Differences in lateralization of the brain amongst males and womanlys may be ascribed to both genetic differences in the corpus callosum, which is larger in women, and environmental brokers girls ordinarily receive much extensive verbal encouragement than boys do. both(prenominal) nature and nurture atomic play 18 theorized to be attributing factors that influence and ascertain developmen t. developmental Psychologists place strong emphasis on the belief that both nature and nurture argon chooseing ca customs that influence and shape human conduct and development by either biological factors nature, or environmental factors nurture.1. What atomic play 18 some inherited influences on development?2. What atomic number 18 some environmental influences on development?3. What role does socialization play as an environmental influence on development?Psychologists and developmental experts puzzle been able to allot the behaviors of an individual to particular influences on development that skunk be conf apply into two categories inherited and environmental influences on development.What ar some inherited influences on development?It is widely speculated that factors of inherited influence be more strategic than the environmental factors that affect a childs growth and development. Obviously we know that inherited biological factors do play a great role in s haping human development, this is a widely acknowledged fact. part this is true, one must still not disregard the signifi brush asidece of environmental influences in the too in brief stages of growth and development. Many studies emphasizing the signifi potfulce of inherited influences are, how ever, im possible to disregard or ignore. For example, it is almost universally accepted that a child faces biological risks in their mental and tangible development when the father smokes cigarettes during pregnancy. However, many would argue that you cannot directly attribute controvert social behaviors to the vex smoking tobacco during pregnancy. contain to research presented at the Behavior genetic science Association, there is hesitation about why there are golf links surrounded by maternal smoking during pregnancy and payoff antisocial behavior. This uncertainty creates room for the argument that environmental influences can be attributed as the factor responsible for the se proscribe behavioural developments. However, many scholars still argue that upstart research and info indicates that findings differ for offspring antisocial behavior where the attachedness with prenatal smoking appears to be entirely explained by inherited path airs that are not attributable to maternal antisocial behavior. This argument is strengthened by data presented at the Behavior Genetics Association in 2007, on a humble floor is a graph of the findings. The research showed an additiond rate of antisocial behaviors amongst the offspring of parents who smoked during pregnancy. (Rice, 2007)(PNAS, 2007)What are some environmental influences on development?The environmental impacts on ones behavior can often determine factors that get out shape future behaviors. During minute and sore periods development can be greatly affected. Critical periods occur when the existence of certain attributes of environmental stimuli be fall necessary for development to continue co nventionally. It is theorized that development during the critical period is easily influenced, limitedally in the area of psycheality and social development. On the other hand, during sensitive periods the organism becomes particularly vulnerable to certain parts of stimuli in their environment. Unlike critical periods, the absence of stimuli in a sensitive period does not forever and a day result in immutable consequences.What role does socialization play as an environmental influence on development?Societal influences are believed to play a large role on the environmental impacts of development. The way we put up been socialized or conditioned is a response to environmental stimuli. For instance, wake up is something socially constructed and society places expectations on individuals fit to their intimate urge, which will determine the roles they will later fulfill in society. A worldation from U.C. Santa Cruz states the followers of grammatical trip outuality acquis ition and the societal influences that are perpetuated around them.Gender stereotypes in childs are perpetuated by societys expectations and perceptions. Societal influences, preconceived notions and expectations enforce already existing gender stereotypesIn the study of forty-eight children, their mothers, and 16 college students, gender based stereotypes influenced fundamental interaction with infants which in turn socialized the infants to conform to their respective gender role. Ratings of the female infants centered on their small size and beauty. Male infants are judged usually according to their ability and intelligence. While evidence of gender stereotyping in infant ratings are becoming less dominant after adolescence, switch on stereotyping in adults behavior towards infants has changed little. Obviously, society shapes the gender stereotypes that both children and adults hold. (Rivera, 1996)Research by psychologists everywhere the last several decades has increasingly pointed to hereditary factors being more important, particularly for basic somebodyality traits such as emotional tone. However, the acquisition of values, beliefs, and expectations wait to be due more to socialization and unique experiences, especially during childhood. (Oneil, 2006) reckonly psychologists and developmental specialists agree upon the fact that influences from both inherited and environmental elements are equally important to the construction of growth and development. However, certain behaviors and growth patterns are believed to result from greater attributes of environmental and inherited influences.Theoretical Perspectives Examining the Development of Children With (hyperkinetic syndrome)Trends fill shown that the totality of children in the United States diagnosed with Attention famine Hyperactivity Disorder, additionally know as ( attention deficit disorder) over time has steadily growthd among progeny children and juvenile youth. The exponential sur ge in diagnosis of ADHD has change magnituded the amount of prescription medicates calld to treat individuals. Issues surrounding these developments pose a soldiers of questions that include1. How are applications of the theoretical perspectives of development examined to help understand disorders such as ADHD?2. What are the associated risk factors of medications used to treat ADHD in children?The increasingly steady number of children being diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in the U.S has resulted in an array of developmental obstacles the actual number of children diagnosed with ADHD remains unheard-of, as does the amount of those children that are being set with prescription medications.How are Applications of the theoretical perspectives of development examined to help understand disorders such as ADHD?Theoretical perspectives that lifespan Developmentalists examine as they disclose the different patterns of growth, change, and behavioral sta bility that take place in the sequence of the entire lifespan help bring further understanding to behaviors and the possibly of treating undesired behaviors. Among these theoretical perspectives include, learning, language, cognitive, social, moral, and personality development. All of these perspectives can be utilise to assist the understanding of behaviors including the behaviors of children with ADHD. A ordinaryly used behavioral method for the treatment of ADHD is the approach of cognitive behavioral therapy. A definition for cognitive behavioral therapy has been provided by, the Mayo Clinic.With cognitive behavioral therapy, you work with a mental wellness counselor (psychotherapist) in a structured way, attending a limited number of sessions. By fortune you become certified of inaccurate or negative thinking, cognitive behavioral therapy allows you to view intriguing situations more clearly and respond to them in a more utile way (Mayo Clinic Staff).What are the associ ated risk factors of medications used to treat ADHD in children?An in depth analysis addressing the associated risks of prescription medications used to treat ADHD in children must be taken into strong sensationship beforehand any decisions are made to place that child on such medications. The most commonly prescribed medicates to both children and adults for the treatment of ADHD are stimulants. A publication from the Centers for Disease Control and Pr stock-stilltion concluded the following of children undergoing treatment for ADHD NSCH does not assess use of ADHD treatments other than medication thusly, the number of children with reported ADHD diagnoses who received other types of treatments is not known. Studies indicate that the use of stimulants, prescribed to treat ADHD can lead to harmful side-affects. Not to mention the risk of becoming reliant upon, or even addicted to prescription stimulants. (Kennedy, 2005)Distinctions Separating Self-Concept and Self-EsteemThe imag e that an individual perceives him or her self-importance-importance as is believed to greatly influence the social and cognitive development of that individual. The organisation of self-concept and egoism are two greatly authoritative aspects of a childs development. environmental and inherited influences are theorized to have affect on the development of self-concept. promotional material of social development by parents or caregivers may substantially increase the likelihood of a child developing a verificatory egoism depending on variables such as nature and nurture of the situation.1. What differences separate self-concept from self-conceit?2. What are the theoretical perspectives on self-concept and vanity?3. How can caregivers facilitate childrens development in these areas?The development of the self in early and centre of attention childhood encompasses the growth of independent ideas and goals, which veer from expectations of the primary role models, the process w here developments of social comparabilitys are made reflects ones self-concept, however, self-esteem refers to the way an individual perceives themselves through with(predicate) self evaluation both are vital to social development and can be validatingly or negatively influenced by caregivers.What differences separate self-concept from self-esteem?The term self-concept refers to the perception regarding what one is like as an individual, and that individuals identity. The self-concept allows individuals to identify with special characteristics of the self that allow them to differ from other individuals. For instance, a response to a question exemplifying ones individual strengths reflects ones self-concept, or identity. The development of self-concept is primarily used to reflect strengths sensed by an individual about his or her self that are used to provide destineing to their actions and purpose in life. In children, self-concepts may not be accurate an individuals self-con cept changes throughout life, this is dependant upon changes in a cultures views regarding others outside of their own, changes involving state institutions, and products of other societal and environmental influences. According to research found by William W. Purkry, author of An Overview of Self-Concept surmisal for Counselors. Highlights An ERIC/CAPS Digest Self-concept is learned. As far as we know, no one is born with a self-concept. It little by little emerges in the early months of life and is shaped and reshaped through repeated perceived experiences, particularly with significant others. (Purkey, 1988)The term self-esteem refers to an individuals overall and distinct positive and negative self-evaluation. Many important developments on an individuals self-esteem transpire during middle childhood. Throughout this phase, children experience the maturation of Internal standards. Which is often times the sympathy that children progressively compare themselves to others. For the majority of children, self-esteem increases as the transition from early childhood to middle childhood takes place. Feelings of inadequacy that relate to an individuals capacity to do most things takes place when that individuals self-esteem is negative.What are the theoretical perspectives on self-concept and self-esteem?There are a multitude of theoretical perspectives that give possible explanation to functions of self-concept and self-esteem. The Educational Resources Information center (ERIC) provides a publication of An Overview of Self-Concept Theory for Counselors, which identifies some of the influential theorists that have contributed to theories of self-concept.By far the most influential and eloquent voice in self-concept theory was that of Carl Rogers (1947) who introduced an entire system of helping built around the importance of the self. In Rogers view, the self is the central cistron in human personality and personal adjustment. Rogers described the self as a s ocial product, developing out of interpersonal relationships and striving for consistency. He maintained that there is a basic human need for positive regard both from others and from oneself. He also believed that in every person there is a tendency towards self-actualization and development so long as this is permitted and encour ripened by an inviting environment. (p. 2)Some of the other theoretical perspectives of self-concept and self-esteem in development include Piagets stages of cognitive development, Erik Eriksons psychosocial development, Carl Rogers conception of self, Vygotskys approach to cognitive development, Lawrence Kohlbergs development of social learning and moral reasoning, and Abraham Maslows theories on personality.Humanistic psychologist, Carl Rogers theorized that the self was carve up into two parts, the real self and the ideal self. An article written by Herb Stevenson for Natural Passages, states the flowing of the ideal self vs. the real self.The ideal self is some fantasy that we carry around as a measure of what we might be if the fairy god mother ever shows up. Often, this is a picture of life, our life, that we have changed very little since childhood. By winning the time to really examine the depth of the ideal self, we see indirectly how we have judged or dismissed whom we are. The real self is a comparison to that ideal self. It is a description of who am I, really, right now. By equivalence the ideal with the real, we begin to see the gaps in perception we have created, the judgments we have made about ourselves, and the gaps that could be preventing us from fully documentation our lives in the moment as the person that we truly are. (para. 3)The University of North Carolina at chapel Hill defines the concept of representational mapping as the following eidetic mapping can be described as the self-descriptions that are logical connections among components that can be made primarily concrete, overly positive, and all or nothing. They contain concrete and abstract components, more realistic (but still perpetually positive above average effect) shades of grey (Steps in self development).How can caregivers facilitate childrens development in these areas?The importance of promoting the development of a healthy self-esteem in children is an environmental influence on behavior that is greatly affected by parenting techniques. Parents and caregivers can facilitate childrens development in the areas of self-concept and self-esteem through childrearing styles. The most impelling way to do so is through the implementation of authoritative childrearing techniques. Authoritative parents have the perfect proportionateness of emotional support, warm and loving qualities yet, they set clear boundaries for behavior. Certain techniques of parenting have proven to result in negative effects on a childs self-esteem. For instance, Authoritarian parents are extremely controlling and there word is the law, there is no toleration for expression of disagreement. Authoritarian parents enforce strict methods of athletic field and punishment that negatively reinforce behaviors of that child, which is likely to result in an increase of the unwanted behaviors occurring again under the same circumstances. The use of positive and negative reinforcers when applied properly has been a proven method of modifying behaviors. The U.K. site Kids behavior provides useful information on how to properly apply positive and negative reinforcement to promote desired behavioral responses (Morrisey, 2008). Applying the childrearing approaches of reinforcement to daily activities can facilitate the development of both a positive self-esteem and self-concept.In the 2009 publication, Anderson, Hughes, and Fuemmeler addressed some of the particular issues that surround agnate attitudes and child activity.The object of this study examined the parental attitudes on children based on the particular types and levels of gaudiness in physical activity that children engaged in, which could give explanation to the gender differences associated with these activities, in addition to the evaluation of physical engagement serving as a mechanism to shorten time spent engaged in inactive behaviors. A design of a community sample with participants, which included, 681 parents and 433 children of the mean age of 9.9 historic period conveyed the importance of activities such as moderate to mobile intensity levels in the areas of group an individual activities including, sports, physical activity and rest home chores. (p. 428) As Anderson et al. (2009) conducted their evaluations separate structural models were used to determine factors that differed between boys and girls in relation to parental attitudes and physical activity.Separate structural models (LISREL 8.7) for girls and boys tested whether parental attitudes were connect to child TV and computer via child attitudes, sport team participation, a nd physical activity, controlling for demographic factors. Main Outcome Measures Child 7-day physical activity, sport teams, weekly TV, computer. Results Parent- child attitude congruence was more preponderating among boys, and attitudes varied by ethnicity, parent education, and number of children. Positive parent- child attitudes for ready team sports were related to increased team participation and physical activity, as well as reduced TV and computer in boys and girls. entertain of moderate intensity householdhold chores, such as cleaning house and doing laundry, was related to decreased team participation and increased TV in boys. Only organized team sports, not general physical activity, was related to reduced TV and computer. Conclusion Results support parents role in socialization childrens operation task values, affecting child activity by transferring specific attitudes. Value of vigorous intensity sports provided the most benefits to activity and reduction of sedent ary behavior, while valuing household chores had unexpected negative effects. (p. 428)Sexual Behaviors of Adolescents and the Associated RisksThe adolescent years are characterized by the development of ones personal sense of identity. During this phase a transition from middle childhood to early adulthood takes place. In these years, young adults entering puberty explore an array of stimulateual behaviors that will play a role in shaping their sexual identities. With the exploration of such sexual behaviors follows the risk of sexually patrimonial diseases and teenage pregnancy.1. What associated risks are complicated with sexual behaviors in adolescents?2. What are the statistics of sexually transmitted diseases among teens?3. What are the statistics of pregnancies among teens?As middle-childhood transitions into the adolescent years an array of physical, cognitive and social changes take place, these are main contributors to the sexual behaviors explored individuals in their a dolescent years, however, there are associated risks with connected with these sexual behaviors that include, contraction of sexually transmitted diseases and teen pregnancy.What associated risks are complex with sexual behaviors in adolescents?The exploration of newly discovered sexual desires among adolescents come with repercussions. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are common among teens. Another primary concern that surrounds the engagement of sexual activity in teens is the possibility of becoming pregnant. Precautionary measures to ensure safe when acting upon sexual urges and needs must be taken into consideration before any sexual contact is to occur. The enforcement of sex-ed in many public schools throughout the U.S decreases the chances of individuals acting upon sexual desires without first examining the risks, and increases likeliness of the use of condoms and other contraceptives.What are the statistics of se xually transmitted diseases among U.S. teens?One of the largest concerns surrounding the sexual voyages of adolescents is the affright of contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Prepared by the interior(a) institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, The administrator Summary, part of the Workshop Summary Scientific Evidence on preventative Effectiveness for Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Prevention states thatRecently, a number of Federal agencies sponsored a workshop to answer the following question What is the scientific evidence on the effectiveness of latex male condom-use to prevent STD transmittance during vaginal intercourse? This workshop was attended by 180 persons, and the data from numerous peer-reviewed published studies were discussed. Following the workshop, a panel of 28 experts worked to develop this report. (p. 1)In the United States, more than 65 gazillion individuals are dungeon with an STD, themajority of which are incurable viral infections. Approximately 15 million new sexually transmitted infections occur annually in the U.S. In the United States, approximately 493,000 individuals have died from AIDS, and 800,000-900,000 peopleare living with human immunodeficiency virus disease. (p. 1)AIDS (ACQUIRED immune DEFICIENCY SYNDROME) is one of the primary causes of death among youth. AIDS is a sexually transmitted disease that is induced by the HIV virus. There is no known cure for the disease. A basic list of facts regarding the contraction of the HIV virus was provided by, the Palo Alto Medical Foundation.HIV can be passed from person to person if somebody with HIV infection has sex with or shares drug injection needles with another person. It also can be passed from a mother to her baby when she is pregnant, when she delivers the baby, or if she front-feeds her baby. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is found in blood, semen, vaginal fluids and breast milk. HIV is spread most often by having sex without utilize a condom, or by sharing needles. People can be infected with HIV without knowing it. An HIV test is the only way to know for sure. There are treatments that help people with HIV die hard healthier, but there is still no cure. Choosing not to have sex and never sharing needles are good ways to protect yourself. Practicing safer sex means always using a new condom with a water-based lubricant. You cannot get HIV from shaking hands, water fountains, bathrooms or eating utensils. (Alto, 2010)In 2009, 46% of spunky school students had ever had sexual intercourse, and 14% of high school students had had four or more sex partners during their life.1In 2009, 34% of currently sexually active high school students did not use a condom during last sexual intercourse.1In 2002, 11% of males and females aged 15-19 had engaged in anal sex with someone of the opposite sex 3% of males aged 15-19 had had anal sex with a male.2In 20 02, 55% of males and 54% of females aged 15-19 had engaged in oral sex with someone of the opposite sex.2In 2006, an estimated 5,259 young people aged 13-24 in the 33 states reporting to CDC were diagnosed with HIV/AIDS, representing about 14% of the persons diagnosed that year.3Each year, there are approximately 19 million new STD infections, and almost half of them are among youth aged 15 to 24.4In 2002, 12% of all pregnancies, or 757,000, occurred among adolescents aged 15-19.5 (Rowe, 2010)What are the pregnancies statistics among U.S. teens?An epidemic surrounding teenage pregnancy has emerged in America every day in the U.S. a high muckle of adolescents give birth. The statistics of teen pregnancy seem to appear much lower in other industrialized nations. Teens in the U.S. are likely to use birth control. The narrow-mindedness that surrounds the practice of premarital sex in the U.S. can be rooted to a lack of sex education. According to the National Campaign to Prevent Teen a nd Unplanned Pregnancy, teen pregnancy among girls between the ages of 15-19 have shown trends that have decreased by 37 percent between 1988 and 2005. However, the teen pregnancy rate between 2005 and 2006 increased 3 percent. worthy sex education has proven to be one of the most effective measures of reducing the risks among youth of contracting STDs and teenage pregnancy. Promoting proper awareness through sex education provides individuals with the information needed to practice the measures of safe sex (Henshaw, 2010).Life Expectancy CalculationsAccording to the calculations provided by MSNs life expectancy calculator, my approximate life expectancy is 86 years of age. The positive and negative factors of my modus vivendi were examined. (Msn, 2011)1. What lifestyle registrations can be made to increase my senior status?2. Who are the youngest and oldest people you have known, and what lifestyle choices attributed to their longevity?A variety of important developmental compone nts of physical and mental health are main attributers to the longevity of ones lifespan, some of these factors depend on levels of stress, personality type, engagement in physical activity, in addition to, a variety of behavioral and genetic predispositions that are theorized to influence the human lifespan.What lifestyle modifications can be made to increase my longevity?Stress has a large impact on health factors that include, personality type. Type A personalities are believed to be more accustomed to the disposition of heart disease. Listed below are some of the personality traits of type A and type B personalities, provided by the website changingminds.org, which provides further information in regard to these associated health issues.The Type A personality in the main lives at a higher stress level. This is driven byThey enjoy achievement of goals, with greater enjoyment in achieving of more difficult goals. They are thus constantly working hard to achieve these.They find i t difficult to stop, even when they have achieved goals.They feel the pressure of time, constantly working flat out.They are highly competitive and will, if necessary create competition.They hate failure and will work hard to avoid it.They are generally pretty fit and often well-educated (a result of their anxiety).The Type B personality generally lives at a lower stress level and are typicallyThey work steadily, enjoying achievements but not becoming stressed when they are not achieved.When faced with competition, they do not mind losing and either enjoy the granulose or back down.They may be creative and enjoy exploring ideas and concepts.They are often reflective, thinking about the outer and inner worlds (Type A and type B).Unfortunately I carry more characteristics of the type A personality, which predisposes me to such health complications later in life that are associated with type A personalities. Although, I cannot change my entire personality, there are, however, certain behavioral modification techniques I can apply to everyday life to reduce specific stressors. I carry certain tendencies that border obsessive-compulsive behaviors, which is a common characteristic of type A personalities. These obsessive behaviors are stressors that can be controlled through behavior modification techniques, such as cognitive behavioral therapy.Who are the youngest and oldest people you have known, and what lifestyle choices attributed to their longevity?The longest living individual I have known personally would have to be my great-grandmother on my fathers side who lived to the age of 87, which is close to the approximation of my life according to the lifespan calculator. She was always a physically active individual that enjoyed the simplicities in life. Her laidback attitude leads me to say that she had a type B personality.The youngest person in my life that has died was caused by something that could have been prevented. I was a small child at the time, but t wenty-eight year old Mark, my fathers closest friend suffered from an addiction to heroin that engulfed his entire existence. His addiction caused him to contract the HIV virus, which soon after turned into full-blown AIDS that facilitated the slow deterioration prima(p) to his death less than two years after contracting the virus. It is unknown whether he contracted the virus through sharing of needles, or having vulnerable sex. Thee use of hard narcotics such as heroin would have lastly lead to death if measures were not taken to control the addiction. However, the lifestyles often associated with drug addicts follow a set of lifestyle influences put forth by peers. Addicts often associated with addicts and share things like needles and engage in unprotected sex, which is an miserable cause of death affecting many individuals that suffer from such disorders as drug addiction.